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- **************************
- * Peroxidases signatures *
- **************************
-
- Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.-) [1] are heme-binding enzymes that carry out a
- variety of biosynthetic and degradative functions using hydrogen peroxide as
- the electron acceptor. Peroxidases are widely distributed throughout bacteria,
- fungi, plants, and vertebrates.
-
- In peroxidases the heme prosthetic group is protoporphyrin IX and the fifth
- ligand of the heme iron is a histidine (known as the proximal histidine). An
- other histidine residue (the distal histidine) serves as an acid-base catalyst
- in the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme. The regions around
- these two active site residues are more or less conserved in a majority of
- peroxidases [2,3]. The enzymes in which one or both of these regions can be
- found are listed below.
-
- - Yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.5).
- - Myeloperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) (MPO). MPO is found in granulocytes and
- monocytes and plays a major role in the oxygen-dependent microbicidal
- system of neutrophils.
- - Lactoperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) (LPO). LPO is a milk protein which acts as an
- antimicrobial agent.
- - Eosinophil peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) (EPO). An enzyme found in the
- cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils.
- - Thyroid peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.8) (TPO). TPO plays a central role in the
- biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. It catalyzes the iodination and coupling
- of the hormonogenic tyrosines in thyroglobulin to yield the thyroid
- hormones T3 and T4.
- - Fungal ligninases. Ligninase catalyzes the first step in the degradation of
- lignin. It depolymerizes lignin by catalyzing the C(alpha)-C(beta) cleavage
- of the propyl side chains of lignin.
- - Plant peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7). Plants expresses a large numbers of
- isozymes of peroxidases. Some of them play a role in cell-suberization by
- catalyzing the deposition of the aromatic residues of suberin on the cell
- wall, some are expressed as a defense response toward wounding, others are
- involved in the metabolism of auxin and the biosynthesis of lignin.
- - Prokaryotic catalase-peroxidases. Some bacterial species produce enzymes
- that exhibit both catalase and broad-spectrum peroxidase activities [4].
- Examples of such enzymes are: catalase HP I from Escherichia coli (gene
- katG) and perA from Bacillus stearothermophilus.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [DET]-[LIVMTA]-x(2)-[LIVM]-[LIVMSTAG]-[SAG]-[LIVMSTAG]-H-
- [STA]-[LIVMFY]
- [H is the proximal heme-binding ligand]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for ligninase III from Phlebia radiata, and LPO.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 11.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [SGATV]-x(3)-[LIVMA]-R-[LIVMA]-x-[FW]-H-x-[SAC]
- [H is an active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: all, except
- for vertebrate peroxidases (MPO, TPO, LPO, and EPO).
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 3.
-
- -Last update: October 1993 / Patterns and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Dawson J.H.
- Science 240:433-439(1988).
- [ 2] Kimura S., Ikeda-Saito M.
- Proteins 3:113-120(1988).
- [ 3] Henrissat B., Saloheimo M., Lavaitte S., Knowles J.K.C.
- Proteins 8:251-257(1990).
- [ 4] Welinder K.G.
- Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1080:215-220(1991).
-